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: ''Some placenames use other spellings, see also Menomonee and Menomonie''. The Menominee (also spelled Menomini in early scholarly literature; known as ''Mamaceqtaw'', "the people," in their own language) are a nation of Native Americans living in Wisconsin. The Menominee Tribe of Wisconsin is federally recognized and has a 353.894 sq mi (916.581 km²) reservation in the state. Their historic territory originally included 10 million acres (40,468.6 km²) in Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of present-day Michigan. The tribe currently has 8,700 members. They are the only tribe living in Wisconsin that had its origins in this territory. The tribe was terminated in the 1950s under federal policy of the time. During that period, they brought what has become a landmark case in Indian law to the United States Supreme Court, in ''Menominee Tribe v. United States'' (1968), to protect their hunting and fishing rights. The Wisconsin Supreme Court and the United States Court of Claims had drawn opposing conclusions about the effect of the termination on Menominee hunting and fishing rights on their former reservation land. The US Supreme Court determined that the tribe had not lost traditional hunting and fishing rights as a result of termination, as Congress had not clearly ended these in its legislation. The tribe regained federal recognition in 1973 in an act of Congress, and re-established its reservation in 1975. They operate under a written constitution. Their first government under it took over tribal government and administration from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) in 1979. ==Overview== The Menominee are part of the Algonquian language family of North America, of which several tribes are located around the Great Lakes and many other tribes are along the Atlantic coast. They are one of the historical tribes of present-day upper Michigan and Wisconsin; they occupied a territory of about 10 million acres in the period of European colonization.〔(History ), Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin〕 They are believed to have been well-settled in that territory for more than 1,000 years; by some accounts, they are descended from the Old Copper Culture people and other indigenous peoples who have been in this area for 10,000 years.〔 They are the only present-day tribe in Wisconsin whose creation story tells that they have always been here.〔("Menominee" ), ''Indian Country'', Milwaukee Public Museum〕 Their reservation is located 60 miles west of the site of their Creation, according to their tradition. They arose where the Menominee River enters Green Bay of Lake Michigan, at the present-day city of Marinette, Wisconsin.〔Boatman, John (1998). ''Wisconsin American Indian History and Culture''. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., p.37.〕 Their name for themselves is Mamaceqtaw, meaning "the people." The name "Menominee" is not their autonym. It was adopted by Europeans from the Ojibwe people, another Algonquian tribe whom they encountered first as they moved west and who told them of the Menominee. The Ojibwe name for the tribe was ''manoominii'', meaning "wild rice people", as wild rice was one of their most important food staples.〔Campbell, Lyle (1997).''American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.401, n.134〕 Historically, the Menominee were known to be a peaceful, friendly and welcoming nation who had a reputation for getting along with other tribes. When the Oneota people, ancestors of several historical tribes throughout the Midwest, migrated into present-day Wisconsin between 800 A.D. and 900 A.D., the indigenous Menominee shared the forests and waters with them, and developed and maintained a friendship that exists to this day. The Menominee are an Eastern Woodlands tribe. They were initially encountered by European explorers in Wisconsin in the mid-17th century during the colonial era, and had extended interaction with them during later periods in North America.〔(Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin. Who are We? )〕 During this period they lived in numerous villages which the French visited for fur trading. The anthropologist James Mooney in 1928 estimated that the tribe's number in 1650 was 3,000 persons.〔 The early French explorers and traders referred to them as ''"folles avoines"'' (wild oats), referring to the wild rice which they cultivated and gathered as one of their staple foods. The Menominee have traditionally subsisted on a wide variety of plants and animals, with wild rice and sturgeon being two of the most important. Wild rice has a special importance to the tribe as their staple grain, while the sturgeon has a mythological importance and is often referred to as the "father" of the Menominee. Feasts are still held annually at which each of these is served.〔 Menominee customs are quite similar to those of the Chippewa (Ojibwa), another Algonquian people. Their language has a closer affinity to those of the Fox and Kickapoo tribes. All four spoke Anishinaabe languages, part of the Algonquian family. The five principal Menominee clans are the Bear, the Eagle, the Wolf, the Crane, and the Moose. Each has traditional responsibilities within the tribe. With a patrilineal kinship system, traditional Menominee believe that children derive their social status from their fathers, and are born "into" their father's clan. Members of the same clan are considered relatives, so must choose marriage partners from outside their clan.〔("Menominee Clans depicted at UWSP" ), ''Pointer Alumnus'', University of Wisconsin – Steven Point, Spring 2003, pp. 1 and 5, accessed 28 August 2012〕 Ethnologist James Mooney wrote an article on the Menominee which appeared in ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1913), incorrectly reporting that their descent and inheritance proceeds through the female line, as a matrilineal kinship system, which is common among many other Native American peoples, including other Algonquian tribes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Menominee」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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